The Life of Hazrat Saad bin Abi Waqqas (RA): The Prophet’s Uncle & The Miracle of the Tigris

Hazrat Saad ibn Abi Waqqas (RA) complete Biography

 Hazrat Saad ibn Abi Waqqas (RA) holds a prestigious position in Islamic history as one of the Ashara Mubashara (the ten companions promised Paradise) and a pivotal military commander who shaped the early Islamic conquests.

Who was Hazrat Saad bin Abi Waqqas (RA)?

Hazrat Saad bin Abi Waqqas (RA) was a prominent companion of Prophet Muhammad ﷺ, famously known as the “First Archer of Islam.” He led the Muslim army to a historic victory at the Battle of Qadisiyyah and is celebrated for the miracle of horse riding on a river to capture Ctesiphon. He was one of the ten companions promised Paradise (Ashara Mubashshara).

Hazrat Saad ibn Abi Waqqas (RA):The Lion of Islam and Conqueror of Persia Hazrat Saad ibn Abi Waqqas (RA) was a legendary figure in Islamic history, famously known as the “first to fire an arrow for Islam” and the “Conqueror of Persia.” As one of the Ashara Mubashshara (the ten companions promised Paradise), his life was a masterclass in military strategy, unwavering faith, and administrative brilliance.

The Master Archer of the Prophet ﷺ

• Hazrat Saad (RA) was the elite sniper of the early Muslim community. His legendary marksmanship was most evident during the Battle of Uhud. When the Muslim lines were broken, Hazrat Saad stood as a human shield for the Prophet ﷺ. It was during this battle that the Prophet ﷺ granted him a unique honor, saying: “Shoot, O Hazrat Saad! May my father and mother be sacrificed for you!” This was a phrase the Prophet ﷺ never used for any other companion.

The Conquest of the Persian Empire

• Hazrat Saad’s greatest military achievement was the Battle of Qadisiyyah (636 CE). Under the orders of Caliph Hazrat umar (RA), Hazrat Saad led an army of 30,000 against a Persian force of over 100,000. Despite suffering from a debilitating illness (sciatica) that prevented him from riding, he commanded the four-day battle from a balcony.
• His strategy involved neutralizing the Persian war elephants by targeting their eyes and trunks, a tactic that led to the collapse of the Sasanian defense. Following this victory, he led the miraculous crossing of the Tigris River to capture the Persian capital, Ctesiphon (Madain), effectively ending centuries of Persian rule.

Founder of Kufa and Administrative LegacyHazrat Saad was not just a warrior; he was a brilliant urban planner. In 638 CE, he founded the city of Kufa in Iraq to serve as a military garrison and a center for Islamic learning. He designed the city with wide streets and a central mosque capable of holding 40,000 people. As the first Governor of Kufa, he revived ancient canal systems, boosting the region’s agriculture and economy.Later Years and NeutralityDuring the later periods of internal political strife (Fitna), Hazrat Saad (RA) chose a path of absolute neutrality. He retired to his farmhouse in Al-Aqiq, near Medina, avoiding the struggle for power. He passed away in 674 CE as the last of the “Blessed Ten” to die. Per his final wish, he was buried in the same old woolen cloak he wore during his debut at the Battle of Badr.

Key Achievements Summary

• Military:Supreme Commander at the Battle of Qadisiyyah; Conqueror of Iraq and Persia.
• Civic: Founder and Architect of the city of Kufa.
• Spiritual:One of the ten companions promised Paradise (Ashara Mubashshara).
• Diplomatic:Credited by many traditions for bringing Islam to China

1. Early Life and Conversion

Born in Mecca into the Banu Zuhrah clan of the Quraysh, Hazrat Sa`d was a maternal cousin to the Prophet Muhammad’s mother, Aminah bint Wahb.

• Early Convert:He was one of the first people to embrace Islam, converting at the age of 17. He famously said he was “the third person to embrace Islam.”
• Family Trial:His conversion was met with fierce opposition from his mother, who went on a hunger strike to force him to renounce his faith. Hazrat Sa`d remained steadfast, leading to the revelation of Quranic verses (31:15) instructing believers to treat parents with kindness but to prioritize God above all.

2. Military Achievements & “The First Arrow”

Hazrat Sa`d was a formidable archer and is credited with several “firsts” in Islamic military history:

• First Arrow:He is recorded as the first Muslim to draw blood in defense of Islam and the first to shoot an arrow in the way of Allah during a reconnaissance mission.
• The Prophet’s Shield:During the Battle of Uhud, when the Muslim lines were breaking, Sad stood firmly by the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH). The Prophet was seen handing him arrows and saying, *”Shoot, Sad! May my father and mother be sacrificed for you.”*

3. The Conquest of Persia (Al-Qadisiyyah)

 His most significant historical contribution came during the Caliphate of Hazrat Umar ibn al-Khattab (RA), when he was appointed Commander-in-Chief of the army sent to the Persian front.

The Battle of al-Qadisiyyah (636 CE)

• The Victory:Despite being outnumbered, Hazrat Sa`d led the Muslim army to a decisive victory against the Sassanid Empire’s forces led by Rostam Farrokhzad.
• The Fall of Ctesiphon:Following this victory, he led the capture of Al-Mada’in (Ctesiphon), the Persian capital. He was the first to pray in the White Palace of the Persian Kings, transforming it into a mosque.

4. Administrative Legacy

After the conquests, Hazrat Sa`d played a vital role in building the infrastructure of the new Islamic state:

• Founder of Kufa:He supervised the founding and urban planning of the city of Kufa in modern-day Iraq, serving as its first governor.
• The Shura Council:Before his passing, Caliph Umar (RA) appointed Hazrat Sa`d as one of the six members of the Shura (council) to elect the next Caliph, showcasing the high level of trust placed in his judgment.

5. Later Years and Death

 Hazrat Sa`d withdrew from political turmoil during the Fitna (civil wars) later in his life, preferring a quiet life of worship.

• Passing:He was the last of the ten promised Paradise to pass away.
• Death:He died in 55 AH (approx. 674 CE) at his estate in Al-Aqiq and was buried in Al-Baqi’ cemetery in Medina.

> Note:There is a historical tradition in China suggesting that Hazrat Sa`d ibn Abi Waqqas traveled there to introduce Islam, and there is a tomb in Guangzhou attributed to him. However, most mainstream historians view this as a symbolic or legendary attribution rather than a confirmed physical journey.

Timeline of Hazrat Hazrat Saad ibn Abi Waqqas (RA)

Here is the chronological journey of the “Lion of Islam,” from his birth in Mecca to his burial in the sacred soil of Al-Baqi.

I. Early Life & The Dawn of Islam (595 – 622 CE)

• 595 CE:Born in Mecca into the noble Banu Zuhrah clan.
• 612 CE:Embraces Islam at the age of 17. He is among the first three or seven people to accept the faith.
• 612–613 CE:Faces a severe hunger strike from his mother to force him to leave Islam.Surah Luqman (Verse 15)is revealed in honor of his steadfastness.
• 614 CE:During a secret prayer session in a valley, he is attacked by pagans. He strikes one with a bone, becoming the first person to shed blood in defense of Islam.
• 622 CE:Performs the Hijrah (migration) to Medina with the other companions.

II. The Great Battles of Medina (624 – 630 CE)

• 624 CE:Participates in the Battle of Badr. He serves as a scout and a frontline warrior. His younger brother, Umayrah, is martyred.
• 625 CE:The Battle of Uhud. He acts as the personal protector of the Prophet ﷺ. He receives the unique honor: “May my father and mother be sacrificed for you.”
• 627 CE:The Battle of the Trench (Khandaq). He guards a strategic sector of the ditch with his legendary archery.
• 628–630 CE:Participates in the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah and the Conquest of Mecca, entering his home city as a victor.

III. The Golden Era of Conquests (632 – 640 CE)

• 634 CE:Appointed by Caliph Hazrat umar (RA) as the Supreme Commander of the Persian front.
• 636 CE:Leads the Muslim army to a historic victory at the Battle of Qadisiyyah. The Sasanian Empire begins to crumble.
• 637 CE:Leads the Miraculous Crossing of the Tigris River and captures the Persian capital, Ctesiphon (Madain).
• 637 CE:Architect of the Battle of Jalula, breaking the final Persian organized resistance in Iraq.
• 638 CE:Founds and designs the city of Kufa, becoming its first Governor.

IV. Leadership & Seclusion (644 – 674 CE)

• 644 CE:Appointed as one of the six members of the Shura by the dying Caliph Hazrat umar (RA) to elect the third Caliph.
• 644–656 CE:Serves as a senior advisor during the Caliphate of Uthman (RA) and is re-appointed as Governor of Kufa for a period.
• 656–661 CE:During the First Fitna (Civil War), he retires to his estate in Al-Aqiq, maintaining a policy of strict neutrality.
• 674 CE:Passes away at the age of approximately 80. He is the last of the Ashara Mubashshara (The Blessed Ten) to die.
• 674 CE:Buried in Jannat al-Baqi, Medina, wrapped in the old cloak he wore at the Battle of Badr.

Hazrat Sa’d ibn Abi Waqqas (RA) Family

Hazrat Sa`d ibn Abi Waqqas (RA) came from a lineage that was deeply intertwined with the leadership of the Quraysh tribe in Mecca. Here is the breakdown of his birth, death, and family structure.

1. Birth and Lineage

Hazrat Sa`d was born in Mecca around 595 CE (approximately 23 years before the Hijra).

• Clan: He belonged to the Banu Zuhrah clan of the Quraysh tribe.
• Relation to the Prophet (PBUH): His father was Malik ibn Uhayb, and his grandfather was the paternal uncle of Aminah bint Wahb, the mother of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH).
• Maternal Uncle:Because of this close tribal link, the Prophet (PBUH) used to refer to Sad affectionately as his “maternal uncle” (*Khal*). It is narrated that the Prophet once saw Sad approaching and said, “This is my uncle, let any man show me his uncle!”

2. Parents and Early Household

Father: Malik ibn Uhayb (also known as Abu Waqqas).

Mother: Hamnah bint Sufyan ibn Umayya. She was a woman of strong character and status in Mecca, famously known for her intense opposition to Sa`d’s conversion to Islam, which led to the revelation of specific Quranic guidelines on parental obedience versus religious devotion.

3. Family and Descendants

Sa`d ibn Abi Waqqas had a large family, and many of his children became recognized scholars and narrators of Hadith.

Wives

He married several times (consistent with the customs of the era), including:

*Mawiyah bint Qays

* Umm Amir bint Amr

* Zaynab bint Al-Harith

Children

He is reported to have had over 30 children. Some of the most notable include:

Umar ibn Sa`d/amr bin saad:A controversial figure in later history due to his role in the events at Karbala.

Amir ibn Sa`d: A highly respected narrator of Hadith and a scholar in Medina.

Aisha bint Sa`d: A well-known female scholar and teacher who taught famous figures like Imam Malik.

Hazrat Sa’d ibn Abi Waqqas (RA) Childhood

 Hazrat Sa’d ibn Abi Waqqas (RA) had a childhood that was marked by his noble lineage, his physical discipline, and his early maturity. While detailed day-to-day accounts of his earliest years are limited, history gives us a clear picture of the environment in which he grew up.

1. Noble Lineage and Upbringing

Hazrat Sa’d was born into the Banu Zuhrah clan of the Quraysh, one of the most respected families in Mecca.

• Elite Education:Growing up in a leadership-oriented clan, he was raised to be a man of honor, hospitality, and tribal loyalty.
• Prophetic Connection:Since his father, Malik, was the cousin of the Prophet Muhammad’s (PBUH) mother, Aminah, Sa’d grew up in the same social circles as the Prophet (PBUH), though he was younger.

2. Passion for Archery and Martial Arts

 From a very young age, Hazrat Sa’d did not spend his time like other Meccan youths who focused on poetry or trade alone. He was deeply interested in martial skills.

• Mastering the Bow:He spent his childhood practicing archery until he became one of the best marksmen in Arabia.
• Making Weapons:He was known to spend time making his own bows and arrows, showing a technical and focused mind. He famously said that while others were playing, he was “preparing for something great.”

3. Serious and Thoughtful Nature

History describes young Hazrat Sa’d as a person who was physically strong but quiet and contemplative.

• Dislike for Idolatry:Even before Islam, he was among the few Meccan youths who felt uneasy with the pagan practices of the Quraysh. He didn’t find peace in the worship of stone idols.
• The Dream:It is narrated that shortly before his conversion, he had a dream where he was in total darkness. Suddenly, a bright light appeared, and he saw three people (Hazrat Abu Bakr, Hazrat Ali, and Hazrat Zayd ibn Harithah) walking toward it. This dream deeply affected his young mind and prepared him for his encounter with the Prophet (PBUH).

4. Conversion at Seventeen

Hazrat Sa’d was only 17 years old when he embraced Islam. This was a massive turning point in his “childhood” as he transitioned into a man of great responsibility.

• The Third Man:He often took pride in being one of the first three or four people to accept Islam, showing that even as a teenager, he had the courage to go against the status quo of Mecca.

5. The Hunger Strike of His Mother

The most famous “childhood” or early youth story of Sa’d involves his mother, Hamnah.

• When she heard he had converted, she tried to use his deep love for her against him.
• She swore she would not eat or drink until she died or he left Islam.
• Sa’d showed incredible emotional maturity by telling her: “O Mother! Even if you had a hundred souls and they left your body one by one, I would never leave my religion. So eat if you want, or don’t eat if you don’t want.” * Seeing his absolute resolve, she eventually gave up her strike.

Hazrat Sa’d ibn Abi Waqqas (RA) lived in a time of great social and spiritual transition. While he was born into a wealthy and noble family, his life before Islam was not without internal and social struggles.

Here are the primary struggles he faced during his youth in Mecca:

1. Spiritual Restlessness and Alienation

Despite being surrounded by the elite of the Quraysh, Sa’d felt a deep sense of spiritual emptiness.

• The Struggle with Idolatry:Like a few other “Hanifs” (seekers of monotheism), he felt that the pagan rituals of Mecca were illogical. He struggled with the social pressure to bow before stone idols that could neither hear nor see.
• Feeling Like an Outsider:Because he didn’t enjoy the typical “frivolous” lifestyle of the Meccan youth—such as excessive partying, drinking, or tribal boasting—he often felt like an outsider in his own community.

2. The Mental Burden of the “Darkness”

Historical accounts mention that Sa’d was prone to deep reflection, which often led to a state of mental distress regarding the purpose of life.

• The Recurring Dream:He often spoke of a dream where he was drowning in a vast, suffocating darkness. This dream represented his struggle to find truth in a society he felt was morally decaying. The anxiety of “not knowing the truth” was a significant internal struggle for him until he met the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH).

3. Professional Isolation

While other young men focused on trade and making money, Sa’d was obsessed with archery and making weapons.

• In the peaceful trade-based society of Mecca at the time, his intense focus on military preparation was seen as unusual or even “too serious.” He struggled to find peers who shared his discipline and vision, leading to a somewhat lonely childhood focused on his craft.

4. The Conflict of Loyalty

Being from the Banu Zuhrah (the Prophet’s mother’s clan), he was caught between two worlds. He felt a natural pull toward the character and honesty of Muhammad (PBUH), but he was also bound by the strict tribal codes of the Quraysh.

• Breaking tribal loyalty was the greatest fear for any Arab. His struggle was deciding whether to follow his heart and risk becoming a social outcast, or to stay silent and remain part of the elite.

Hazrat Sa’d ibn Abi Waqqas (RA) after accepted Islam

 The moment Hazrat Sa’d ibn Abi Waqqas (RA) accepted Islam, his life shifted from a quiet, contemplative existence into one of intense trial and legendary bravery. Here is how his life changed in those first few days:

1. The Immediate Family Crisis

As mentioned before, the biggest change was at home. Sa’d was known for being an exceptionally devoted and kind son. His mother, Hamnah, used this “weakness” to emotionally blackmail him.

• The Emotional War:She stopped eating and drinking, sitting in the scorching Meccan sun.
• The Public Pressure:Neighbors and relatives gathered, mocking Sa’d and calling him a “mother-killer.” He went from a respected young man of the Banu Zuhrah to a social pariah in a matter of hours.
• The Resolution: His steadfastness during these days was so significant that it earned a permanent place in the Quran (Surah Luqman, Verse 15), setting the law for all Muslims on how to balance parental love with faith.

2. Physical Persecution

The streets of Mecca became a battlefield for him.

• The First Bloodshed: A few days after converting, Sa’d was praying with a group of Muslims in a hidden valley. A group of idolaters discovered them and began insulting and attacking them.
• The Retaliation:Sa’d did not stay passive. He picked up the jawbone of a camel lying nearby and struck one of the attackers, drawing blood. This is recorded as the first blood shed in the cause of Islam. This event changed his reputation—people realized that despite his youth, he was a fierce warrior who would not be bullied.

3. A New Sense of Purpose

The “darkness” he felt in his childhood disappeared.

• Constant Companionship:He spent almost all his time in the Dar al-Arqam (the secret meeting house of the early Muslims). He moved from being a lonely youth making arrows to being part of a brotherhood with Abu Bakr, Ali, and Uthman (RA).
• Direct Learning: He began receiving the Quran directly from the Prophet (PBUH). His hobby of archery was now redirected; he wasn’t just practicing for sport anymore, but for the protection of the new faith.

4. Economic and Social Boycott

Because the Banu Zuhrah were a powerful clan, they didn’t kill him, but they stripped him of his comforts.

• Loss of Status:He lost his standing among the Meccan elite.
• Hardship:He experienced the beginning of the poverty and hunger that the early Muslims faced. He later narrated that during these early days in Mecca, they were sometimes so hungry they would eat the leaves of trees.

Certainly, here is the English translation of the details regarding the Holy Quranic verses revealed due to the incident between Hazrat Sa’d bin Abi Waqqas (RA) and his mother:

Hazrat Sa’d (RA) loved his mother immensely. When she went on a hunger strike, he suffered great emotional pain, yet he did not waver in his faith in Allah. It was in this context that Allah revealed the following verses:

1. Surah Luqman (Chapter 31), Verse 15:

This verse provides guidance to Muslims on how to behave toward their parents:

• “But if they endeavor to make you associate with Me that of which you have no knowledge, do not obey them but accompany them in [this] world with appropriate kindness…”

2. Surah Al-Ankabut (Chapter 29), Verse 8
Allah emphasized the same message here as well:

• “And We have enjoined upon man goodness to his parents. But if they endeavor to make you associate with Me that of which you have no knowledge, do not obey them. To Me is your return…”

Lessons derived from these verses:

Based on the incident in the life of Hazrat Sa’d (RA), these verses taught several important principles to all Muslims:

• Limitless Love, but Conditional Obedience:One must love and respect their parents deeply. However, if they command something against the orders of Allah (such as idolatry or sin), they should not be obeyed in that specific matter.
• Do Not Be Harsh:Even if they pressure you to do something wrong, you must not behave harshly or disrespectfully toward them. You should continue to serve them and treat them with kindness in this worldly life.
• Personal Responsibility:These verses remind us that ultimately, every individual is responsible for their own faith and deeds before Allah.

Important reasons to accept Islam

By passing this difficult test, Hazrat Sa’d (RA) remains a great source of inspiration for Muslim youth worldwide to this day.

The decision to accept Islam at the age of 17 had a profound and immediate impact on Hazrat Sa’d ibn Abi Waqqas (RA), transforming him from a quiet, elite youth into a legendary leader. The impact can be categorized into four major areas:

1. Psychological Impact: Clarity and Peace

Before Islam,Hazrat Sa’d felt a deep sense of “darkness” and spiritual confusion.

• End of Restlessness:Accepting Islam provided him with a clear purpose. He no longer felt like an outsider looking for truth; he felt he had found the light he saw in his famous dream.
• Sense of Brotherhood:He moved from being a solitary figure focused on his bow and arrows to being part of an elite spiritual circle (the Dar al-Arqam), forming bonds with people like Abu Bakr and Ali (RA) that would last a lifetime.

2. Social Impact: Loss of Elite Status

Coming from the Banu Zuhrah, Sa’d was a “blue-blooded” Meccan.

• From Prince to Outcast:By choosing Islam, he sacrificed his high social standing. The same people who respected his lineage now mocked him.
• The Mother’s Trial:The most painful impact was the emotional war with his mother. It forced him to mature overnight, choosing his Creator over his most beloved earthly relationship. This made him a symbol of unwavering resolve.

3. Physical Impact: The Birth of a Warrior

Hazrat Sa’d’s hobby of archery was suddenly transformed into a vital skill for survival.

• Role as a Protector:He became one of the primary “bodyguards” of the Prophet Hazrat Muhammad (SAW)(PBUH).
• The First Bloodshed:As mentioned earlier, the persecution he faced led him to defend himself, making him the first Muslim to draw blood in the cause of Islam. This solidified his reputation as a man of action, not just words.
• Enduring Hardship:He went from a life of comfort to a life of hunger. He later recalled times when the early Muslims were so hungry they would eat dried animal skins or leaves, which caused him great physical suffering but strengthened his spirit.

4. Historical Impact: The “Uncle” of the Prophet

Accepting Islam cemented a unique relationship between him and the Prophet Hazrat Muhammad(SAW) (PBUH).

• Trust and Rank:Because he joined so early (the “third” or “fourth” person), he earned a level of trust that few others had. The Prophet (PBUH) took immense pride in Hazrat Sa’d’s bravery, which eventually led to Sa’d being chosen to lead the massive conquest of Persia years later.

Hazrat Sa’d ibn Abi Waqqas (RA) was one of the most distinguished military figures in Islamic history. He participated in every major battle alongside the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) and later led the massive expansion of the Islamic state under Caliph Hazrat Umar (RA).

1. Battles During the Lifetime of the Prophet (PBUH)

Hazrat Sa’d was known as the “Knight of Islam” because of his exceptional bravery and archery skills.

The Battle of Badr (624 CE)

• This was the first major battle. Hazrat Sa’d fought alongside his young brother, Umayr ibn Abi Waqqas, who was martyred in this battle.
• Hazrat Sa’d displayedincredible courage, and this was where he began to be recognized as one of the elite warriors of the Muslim army.

The Battle of Uhud (625 CE)

• This is perhaps Hazrat Sa’d’s most famous moment.When the Muslim lines were disrupted, he was one of the few who stood firmly as a human shield around the Prophet (PBUH).
• The Prophet (PBUH) himself handed Hazrat Sa’d arrows and said, “Shoot, Sa’d! May my father and mother be sacrificed for you.” This was a unique honor never given to anyone else.
• He reportedly shot over a thousand arrows that day.

The Battle of the Trench (Khandaq)

• He played a key role in defending the borders of Medina and was part of the strategic defense that led to the withdrawal of the confederate tribes.

The Conquest of Mecca (630 CE)

• Hazrat Sa’d was one of the commanders of the battalions that entered Mecca. He witnessed the peaceful takeover of his home city from which he had been exiled years before.

2. The Great Conquest of Persia (The Caliphate Era)

After the death of the Prophet (PBUH), Caliph Hazrat Umar (RA) chose Hazrat Sa’d to lead the most critical military campaign in Islamic history: the conquest of the Sassanid Persian Empire.

The Battle of al-Qadisiyyah (636 CE)

• This was the “decisive battle” that broke the back of the Persian Empire.
• Sa’d was the Commander-in-Chief of an army of 30,000 against a Persian force of over 100,000 led by General Rostam.
• Interesting Fact: During the battle, Sa’d was suffering from severe sciatica and boils, making it impossible for him to sit on a horse. He directed the entire four-day battle while lying on his chest on a balcony, sending orders to his generals below.

The Siege of Ctesiphon (Al-Mada’in)

• Following Qadisiyyah,Hazrat Sa’d led his army to the Persian capital.
• The Miracle of the River:When they reached the Tigris River, the Persians had destroyed the bridges. Hazrat Sa’d led his cavalry to ride their horses directly into the deep, rushing water. They crossed successfully without losing a single man, which terrified the Persians, who shouted, “The giants (devs) have come!”
• Hazrat Sa’d entered the White Palace of the Persian King and performed the prayer of victory.

Boycott of Banu Hashim (617–619 CE)

 The period you are referring to is known as the Boycott of Banu Hashim (617–619 CE). It was a three-year span of extreme social and economic isolation that pushed the early Muslims to the very brink of survival.The “skin-eating” incidents were not a choice, but a desperate final resort for survival when all other food sources—including leather and leaves—were exhausted.

1. The Location: Shi’b Abi Talib

The Quraysh of Mecca forced the Prophet ﷺ, his family (Banu Hashim), and his followers into a narrow mountain pass called Shi’b Abi Talib.

• The Decree: A formal document was hung inside the Kaaba, forbidding any Meccan from trading with, marrying into, or even speaking to those in the pass.
• The Blockade: The Quraysh guarded the entrances to ensure no caravans or merchants could sell grain or meat to the Muslims.

2. The Extremity of Hunger

 As the months turned into years, the situation became dire. Historians record that the cries of hungry children could be heard from outside the valley.

• Eating Leaves: Initially, they ate the leaves of the Talh (Acacia) and Khabat trees. This caused their mouths to become sore and their waste to resemble that of goats or camels.
• Eating Dry Hides: When the leaves were gone, they searched for scraps of dried animal skins (hides) that had been discarded months or years prior.
• The Process: As mentioned regarding Hazrat Saad ibn Abi Waqqas (RA), they would take these old, stiff pieces of leather, wash them to remove the dirt, roast them over a fire until they softened or became brittle enough to grind, and then mix the remains with water to create a “broth” or paste.

3. How the Boycott Ended

The boycott lasted for three long years and only ended through two remarkable events:

• Humanitarian Dissent: A few fair-minded Meccans (who were not Muslim but had relatives in the pass) felt guilty. They conspired to tear up the unfair treaty.
• The Miracle of the Parchment: The Prophet ﷺ informed his uncle Abu Talib that Allah had sent termites to eat the boycott document, consuming every word except for the name of Allah (Bismik Allahumma). When the Meccan leaders checked the Kaaba, they found the parchment exactly as described, which shamed them into ending the siege.

4. The Long-term Impact

 While the Muslims survived, the physical toll was permanent. Many believe the extreme malnutrition during these three years contributed to the deaths of Khadija (RA), the Prophet’s wife, and Abu Talib, his protector, shortly after the boycott was lifted. This period is known as theYear of Sorrow.

First Arrow Event

 Hazrat Saad ibn Abi Waqqas (RA) holds a unique place in Islamic history as the first person to ever fire an arrow in the cause of Islam. This event is highly celebrated and highlights his role as one of the most elite archers of his time.Here are the details of that historic event:

1. The Setting: Early Mecca

Before the migration (Hijrah) to Medina, the Muslims in Mecca were small in number and faced constant harassment. Because they were forbidden from praying openly near the Kaaba, they would often slip away into the secluded mountain valleys (glens) around Mecca to perform their prayers in secret.

2. The Skirmish in the Valley

One day, Hazrat Saad (RA) was with a small group of companions praying in one of these valleys. A group of polytheists (Quraysh), led by men like Abu Jahl, discovered them.

• The Provocation:The idolaters began to mock the Muslims, insulting their faith and physically trying to interrupt their prayer.
• The Conflict:A heated argument broke out, which quickly turned into a physical fight.

3. The Shot

In the heat of the struggle, Hazrat Saad ibn Abi Waqqas (RA) took up his bow and fired an arrow at one of the attackers to push them back and protect his fellow Muslims.

• The Result:The arrow struck one of the Quraysh men, drawing blood.
• The Significance:This was the first time blood was shed and the first time an arrow was fired in defense of the Islamic faith. It sent a message to the Quraysh that the Muslims would not simply stand by and be bullied.

Why was he such a Great Archer?

Hazrat Saad (RA) wasn’t just “the first”; he was arguably “the best.” His skills were legendary for two main reasons:

• The Prophet’s ﷺ Special Du’a:The Prophet ﷺ made a specific prayer for him: “O Allah, make his aim certain and answer his prayer.” Because of this, it was said that Hazrat Saad (RA) never missed a target and his prayers were always granted.
• The Battle of Uhud:During the chaos of the Battle of Uhud, when many were retreating, Hazrat Saad (RA) stood firmly next to the Prophet ﷺ. The Prophet ﷺ was so impressed that he personally handed arrows to Hazrat Saad and said the famous words:

 > “Shoot, O Hazrat Saad! May my father and mother be sacrificed for you.” > (This was a massive honor, as the Prophet ﷺ rarely used such a phrase for anyone else.)

Important military ⚔ Events of Hazrat Saad ibn Abi Waqqas (RA)

Battle of Badr (624 CE).

Hazrat Saad ibn Abi Waqqas (RA) was one of the youngest and most enthusiastic participants in the Battle of Badr (624 CE). Though he was only about 20–22 years old at the time, his role was pivotal both as a combatant and as a scout.

1. His Role in the Battle

• Elite Archer:Hazrat Saad was one of the few companions who possessed expert marksmanship. During the battle, he was positioned to provide cover fire, preventing the superior numbers of the Quraysh from overrunning the smaller Muslim ranks.
• Tactical Scout:Before the battle began, the Prophet ﷺ sent a small group of companions, including Hazrat Saad, Ali ibn Abi Talib, and Az-Zubayr bin Al-Awwam, to the wells of Badr to gather intelligence. They successfully captured two water-carriers of the Quraysh, which allowed the Muslims to learn the exact size and location of the Meccan army.
• Frontline Warrior:He fought alongside his younger brother, Umayrah ibn Abi Waqqas. It is recorded that Hazrat Saad fought with such ferocity that he personally killed several notable warriors of the Quraysh.

2. His Famous Words and Emotions

Hazrat Saad’s perspective on Badr is filled with a mix of deep devotion and personal heartbreak. Two specific stories stand out:

A. The Story of His Brother (Hazrat Umayrah)

The most emotional part of Badr for Hazrat Saad was the involvement of his young brother, Hazrat Umayrah. Hazrat Umayrah was a teenager and feared the Prophet ﷺ would send him back for being too young.>Hazrat Saad narrated: “I saw my brother Hazrat Umayrah hiding himself. I asked, ‘What is the matter with you, O my brother?’ He replied, ‘I fear that the Messenger of Allah ﷺ will see me and consider me too young and send me back, but I wish to go out and fight. Perhaps Allah will grant me martyrdom.'”>When the Prophet ﷺ did initially ask Umayrah to leave, the boy began to cry. The Prophet ﷺ then allowed him to stay. Umayrah was martyred during the battle, and Hazrat Saad was the one who buried him. This event deeply affected Hazrat Saad’s resolve for the rest of his life.

B. His Words on the Spoils of War

After the victory, there was a brief period of confusion regarding how the spoils of war should be divided. Hazrat Saad had taken a sword from a fallen enemy and wanted to keep it.> He approached the Prophet ﷺ and said, “O Messenger of Allah, grant me this sword.”>The Prophet ﷺ initially told him to put it back because the rules for spoils had not yet been revealed. Hazrat Saad felt a moment of sadness, but shortly after, Surah Al-Anfal was revealed, clarifying the distribution of spoils. The Prophet ﷺ then called Hazrat Saad back and gave him the sword (known as Dhu al-Kifaf), saying it was now his.

3. His Legacy at Badr

Hazrat Saad was one of the “Badriyun” (the people of Badr), a title that carried the highest prestige in early Islam. He later said:> “I was the third person to embrace Islam, and for seven days I was one-third of Islam (meaning there were only three Muslims).”> He often looked back at Badr as the moment when the “Lion of Islam” truly awoke, proving that a smaller, disciplined force could overcome a massive empire through faith and strategy.

The Battle of Uhud (625 CE)

 The Battle of Uhud (625 CE) is perhaps the most significant chapter in the military life of Hazrat Saad ibn Abi Waqqas (RA). While the Battle of Badr was his “debut” as a warrior, Uhud was the moment he became the personal shield of the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ.His performance during this battle is a masterclass in loyalty, archery, and tactical composure under extreme pressure.

1. The Context of the Battle

The Battle of Uhud began as a victory for the Muslims but turned into a chaotic struggle after the archers on the hill of Jabal al-Rumat left their positions. This allowed the Meccan cavalry, led by Hazrat Khalid bin Walid (who had not yet embraced Islam), to flank the Muslim army from behind.As the Muslim lines broke, a small group of companions stayed firm to protect the Prophet ﷺ. Among this elite group—which included Hazrat Talha ibn Ubaydullah and Hazrat Abu Dujana—was Hazrat Saad ibn Abi Waqqas.

2. The Prophet’s Unique Honor to Hazrat Saad

During the height of the fighting, the Prophet ﷺ was injured. His tooth was broken, and his helmet was smashed into his cheek. He retreated to a small opening in the mountain. Hazrat Saad stood in front of him, firing arrow after arrow to keep the Meccan soldiers at bay.It was here that the Prophet ﷺ did something he had never done for anyone else. He began handing arrows to Hazrat Saad one by one and said:> “Shoot, O Hazrat Saad! May my father and mother be sacrificed for you!”> (Irmi ya Hazrat Saad, fidaka abi wa ummi) In Arab culture, saying “may my parents be sacrificed for you” was the highest possible expression of love and value. The Sahaba (companions) later remarked that they never heard the Prophet ﷺ say this to any other person except Hazrat Saad.

3. The Divine Marksmanship

Hazrat Saad was naturally a gifted archer, but his performance at Uhud was seen as divinely aided. He later narrated that during the battle, he fired about one thousand arrows.The Prophet’s ﷺ earlier prayer for him—”O Allah, make his aim certain”—manifested clearly that day. It is recorded that every time Hazrat Saad drew his bow, a Meccan soldier fell. He was so fast and accurate that he created a “no-go zone” around the Prophet ﷺ. Even when the enemy tried to rush their position, Hazrat Saad’s arrows forced them back.

4. His Personal Bravery and Words

Hazrat Saad was not just a long-distance fighter; he was a man of immense physical stamina. He stayed by the Prophet’s side until the very end of the engagement. Reflecting on that day, Hazrat Saad expressed the weight of the responsibility he felt. He saw himself not just as a soldier, but as the guardian of the Messenger.He often spoke of the intensity of Uhud to remind the later generations that victory is not guaranteed by numbers, but by steadfastness (Sabr) and obedience. He famously said:> “I have seen the day of Uhud, and I saw the Messenger of Allah ﷺ with only a few of us. We were like a wall around him.”

5. Tactical Legacy of Uhud

Hazrat Saad’s role at Uhud solidified his reputation as a military genius. He learned the importance of high-ground advantage and the lethality of organized archery.Years later, when he commanded the Muslim armies against the Persian Empire at the Battle of Qadisiyyah, he applied these lessons. He organized his archers into specialized units that could rain arrows upon the Persian war elephants, showing that the “Archery of Uhud” was the foundation of the “Victory of Persia.”

Summary of his Uhud Performance

• Role:Lead Protector and Sniper.
• Weaponry:Specialized in the longbow.
• Key Moment:Receiving the “Parental Sacrifice” honor from the Prophet ﷺ.
• Outcome:Successfully prevented the Meccan forces from reaching the Prophet ﷺ during the retreat.

 Hazrat Saad ibn Abi Waqqas (RA) lived to be the last of the “Blessed Ten” to pass away, often telling these stories to his children so they would understand the price of their faith.

Battle of Khandaq (627 CE)

 In the Battle of Khandaq (627 CE), also known as the Battle of the Trench, Hazrat Saad ibn Abi Waqqas (RA) once again played a critical role as a frontline defender and a master of psychological and tactical warfare. While the “trench” itself was a new defensive strategy for the Muslims, the actual fighting consisted of skirmishes, arrow duels, and preventing the enemy from crossing the ditch. Here is how Hazrat Saad (RA) contributed:

1. Guarding the Strategic Points

The trench was several kilometers long, and the Confederate army (an alliance of 10,000 soldiers from various tribes) spent nearly a month trying to find a “weak spot” to cross.

• The Defender:Hazrat Saad (RA) was assigned to lead a group of Sahaba to guard one of the narrowest points of the trench.
• The Vigilance:Day and night, he and his men stayed awake to ensure that no enemy horseman could leap across.

2. The Archery Duel

Since the two armies were separated by a wide ditch, most of the combat was restricted to archery. This was Hazrat Saad’s specialty.

• Suppressing Fire:Whenever the Quraysh or their allies approached the edge of the trench to launch a coordinated attack, Hazrat Saad (RA) and his unit of archers would rain down arrows with such precision that the enemy was forced to retreat.
• Protecting the Prophet ﷺ:There were moments when the enemy attempted to target the headquarters of the Prophet ﷺ. Hazrat Saad (RA) was famously one of the few who stood as a human shield, using his bow to neutralize any threat before it could get close.

3. Psychological Impact

Hazrat Saad’s reputation as the “first to fire an arrow for Islam” preceded him. The enemy soldiers knew that if Hazrat Saad was guarding a section, it was almost impossible to cross.

• His Precision:Historians note that during the cold, windy nights of the siege, Hazrat Saad’s presence provided immense morale to the tired and hungry Muslims. They knew his aim was divinely guided and that he would not miss.

4. The Fatigue and Hunger

As we discussed earlier regarding the “skin-eating” incident in Mecca, the Battle of Khandaq was another period of extreme hardship. The Muslims were short on food and the weather was freezing.

• Hazrat Saad’s Resilience:Despite the hunger—where many Sahaba tied stones to their stomachs to dull the pain—Hazrat Saad remained active on the front lines. His experience from the Boycott of Banu Hashim had prepared him for this level of endurance.

5. Transition to Diplomacy

During the siege, the Jewish tribe of Banu Qurayza, who were inside Medina, betrayed their treaty with the Muslims and sided with the enemy. This created a “war on two fronts.”

• Hazrat Saad’s Counsel:Hazrat Saad ibn Abi Waqqas (RA) was among the senior companions who consulted with the Prophet ﷺ on how to handle this betrayal. His firm stance against the traitors helped secure the internal safety of the city after the siege ended.

The Battle of Qadisiyyah (636 CE)

 Since we have already discussed the early defensive battles in Mecca and Medina, let’s look at the “Grand Finale” of his military career. The Battle of Qadisiyyah (636 CE) is where Hazrat Saad ibn Abi Waqqas (RA) changed the course of world history by leading the Muslim army to a victory that ended the centuries-old Sasanian (Persian) Empire.Here is the detailed breakdown of this historic campaign:

1. The Strategy: “The Commander from the Balcony”

 When Caliph Hazrat umar (RA) appointed Hazrat Saad to lead the campaign against Persia, Hazrat Saad faced a massive challenge. The Persians had an army of roughly 100,000 to 200,000 soldiers, while the Muslims had about 30,000.During the actual battle, Hazrat Saad (RA) suffered from a severe case of sciatica (nerve pain) and boils, which made it impossible for him to sit on a horse.

• His Solution:He didn’t let his illness stop him. He set up his headquarters in a castle overlooking the battlefield.
• Execution:He lay on his chest on a leather cushion and directed the entire four-day battle through written notes and messengers. This showed his incredible mental strength—managing a chaotic battlefield through pure strategy while in physical agony.

2. The Secret Weapon: Persian Elephants

The Persians brought war elephants, which the Arab horses had never seen before. These “living tanks” terrified the horses and caused chaos in the Muslim ranks on the first day.

• Hazrat Saad’s Tactical Response:He identified that the elephants were the key. He ordered his elite archers (applying the lessons he learned at Uhud) to aim specifically for the eyes and the trunks of the elephants.
• The Result:Blinding the lead elephants caused them to panic and turn back, trampling their own Persian infantry. This neutralized the enemy’s biggest advantage.

3. The Four Days of Qadisiyyah

The battle lasted four intense days, each with its own name in history:

1. Yaum-ul-Armath (The Day of Disorder):The elephants caused heavy Muslim losses.
2. Yaum-ul-Aghwath (The Day of Succor):Reinforcements arrived from Syria.
3. Yaum-ul-Imas (The Day of Hardship):The fiercest fighting occurred, lasting through the night (known as the Night of Harir).
4. Yaum-ul-Qadisiyyah:The Persian commander, Rostam, was killed, and the Persian army collapsed.

4. The Miracle of the Tigris (The Conquest of Madain)

 After Qadisiyyah, Hazrat Saad marched toward the Persian capital, Ctesiphon (Madain). The Persians thought they were safe because the Tigris River was flooded and they had destroyed all the bridges.

• The Brave Crossing:Hazrat Saad (RA) gathered his army and told them that Allah would protect them. He led his cavalry directly into the deep, churning waters.
• Psychological Warfare:The Persian guards, seeing thousands of horses galloping across a flooded river as if it were dry land, shouted “Deewane amdan!” (The demons have come!) and fled in terror.
• The Fall of the Empire:Hazrat Saad entered the White Palace of the Persian King (Kisra), where he famously recited verses from the Quran about the fleeting nature of worldly power.

Summary of his Legacy

Hazrat Saad ibn Abi Waqqas (RA) went from eating dried camel skin in a mountain pass in Mecca to sitting in the throne room of one of the world’s greatest empires. He never lost his humility and spent his later years in a simple farmhouse outside Medina.

• Role:Supreme Commander of the Eastern Front.
• Key Victory:Battle of Qadisiyyah.
• Legacy:Founder of the city of Kufa and the first to bring Islam to the heart of Persia.

Conquest of Babylon (636 CE)

 The Siege and Conquest of Babylon (636 CE) occurred shortly after the decisive victory at Qadisiyyah. It was a critical moment where Hazrat Saad ibn Abi Waqqas (RA) demonstrated his ability to maintain military momentum and prevent a retreating enemy from regrouping.Here is the detailed role of Hazrat Saad (RA) during this campaign:

1. The Strategic Pursuit

 After the Persian army was crushed at Qadisiyyah, the survivors, led by high-ranking generals like Hormuzan and Fayruzan, fled toward the ancient city of Babylon. They intended to use the city’s massive walls and strategic location to block the Muslim advance toward the capital, Ctesiphon.

• Hazrat Saad’s Decision:Instead of resting his troops after the exhaustion of Qadisiyyah, Hazrat Saad (RA) realized that speed was essential. He ordered an immediate pursuit to ensure the Persians could not fortify Babylon or receive fresh reinforcements from the Persian heartland.

2. Organizing the Advance

Hazrat Saad (RA) did not just march blindly; he organized a multi-pronged advance:

• The Vanguard:He appointed Zuhra bin al-Hawiyya to lead the advance guard.
• The Main Body:Hazrat Saad (RA) personally led the main army, keeping close communication with his scouts to avoid ambushes in the unfamiliar terrain of Mesopotamia.

3. The Siege of Babylon

When the Muslim army reached the gates of Babylon, they found the Persians prepared for a stand. Babylon was a city of immense historical and symbolic value, and its fortifications were still formidable.

• Tactical Pressure:Hazrat Saad (RA) surrounded the city, cutting off its supply lines. He used psychological warfare by showing the Persians that the “Desert Arabs” were now masters of siege warfare, not just open-field skirmishing.
• The Fall of the City:Facing the relentless pressure and seeing the discipline of Hazrat Saad’s army, the Persian generals realized they could not hold the city. Fearing a total massacre or a trapped surrender, the Persian commanders abandoned the city under the cover of darkness and retreated further north.

4. The Civil Administration and Humanity

Once the city fell, Hazrat Saad’s role shifted from a conqueror to a governor.

• Protection of Civilians:He strictly enforced the Islamic rules of war. He forbade any looting of the ancient structures and ensured the local population (mostly Aramean and Christian) were protected under the Dhimmi status.
• Strategic Hub:He turned Babylon into a temporary logistics base, gathering supplies and intelligence for the final march on the capital, Ctesiphon.

Battle of Burs (636 CE)

 The Battle of Burs (636 CE) was a short but tactically significant engagement that took place immediately after the fall of Babylon. As Hazrat Saad ibn Abi Waqqas (RA) marched his army toward the Persian capital, Ctesiphon (Madain), he encountered a Persian force at Burs, an ancient site located near the ruins of Birs Nimrud.Here is the role of the battle and Hazrat Saad’s (RA) leadership during this event:

1. Clearing the Road to the Capital

After the Persians fled Babylon, they attempted to create multiple “checkpoints” to slow down the Muslim advance. Burs was one of these strategic bottlenecks.

• Hazrat Saad’s Objective:He knew that if he allowed the Persians to dig in at every small town, his army would lose momentum and the Persian King would have time to gather a massive relief force.
• The Command:Hazrat Saad (RA) stayed with the main body of the army but sent a powerful vanguard (advance party) led by the brilliant commander Zuhra bin al-Hawiyya.

2. The Battle and Single Combat

When the Muslim vanguard reached Burs, they found a Persian force led by a powerful local lord (Marzban) named Bustam.

• The Duel:In the tradition of ancient warfare, Bustam challenged the Muslim commander to a duel. Zuhra bin al-Hawiyya accepted and successfully killed the Persian leader.
• The Rout:Witnessing their leader fall, the Persian troops at Burs lost their nerve and retreated in disorder toward the city of Kutha.

3. Diplomatic and Strategic Outcome

The Battle of Burs was unique because of how Hazrat Saad (RA) handled the aftermath:

• Local Alliances:Following the victory, several local landlords (Dihqans) realized that the Sasanian Empire could no longer protect them. Hazrat Saad (RA) offered them terms of peace and protection.
• Intelligence Gathering:By capturing Burs, Hazrat Saad (RA) gained access to local guides and spies who provided crucial information about the defenses of the capital, Ctesiphon, and the state of the flooded Tigris River.
• Bridge Repair:The Persians had tried to sabotage the infrastructure. Hazrat Saad used the resources at Burs to repair roads and ensure his heavy baggage train could keep up with the fast-moving cavalry.

The Conquest of Ctesiphon (Madain)

 The Conquest of Ctesiphon (Madain) in 637 CE was the crowning achievement of Hazrat Saad ibn Abi Waqqas (RA). Ctesiphon was the legendary capital of the Sasanian Persian Empire, home to the famous “White Palace” of the Persian Emperors (Kisra).His role in this conquest was not just that of a general, but of a visionary leader who performed what was considered a military miracle.

1. The Strategy: Reaching the “Invincible” City

After defeating the Persians at Qadisiyyah and Babylon, Hazrat Saad marched to the western bank of the Tigris River.

• The Barrier:The Persians had retreated to the eastern bank, destroyed all bridges, and removed all boats. The Tigris was at its peak flood stage—deep, fast, and dangerous.
• The Persian Confidence:The Persian Emperor, Yazdegerd III, believed the Muslims were trapped on the other side and could never cross without a fleet.

2. The Miracle of the Crossing

 Hazrat Saad (RA) realized that if he waited for the flood to subside, the Persians would gather a massive new army. He sought a divine solution and consulted his commanders.

• The Vision:After praying for guidance, Hazrat Saad decided on a daring move that shocked military history. He gathered his troops and told them that Allah would make the water a path for them.
• The Execution:Hazrat Saad was the first to plunge his horse into the roaring, deep Tigris. He was followed by an elite band of 60 cavalrymen (the Mubarizun), and then the entire army of thousands.
• Walking on Water:Because they crossed at a specific shallow but turbulent point, it appeared to the watching Persians as if the Muslim cavalry was “walking” or galloping across the surface of the water.

3. Psychological Warfare: “The Demons Have Come!”

 The Persian guards on the eastern bank were paralyzed with fear. They had never seen horses swim across such a violent river in full battle gear.

• The Cry:The Persians began shouting, “Deewane amdan! Deewane amdan!” (The demons/giants have come!).
• The Retreat:Believing they were fighting supernatural forces, the Persian defense collapsed instantly. The Emperor and his court fled the city, leaving behind centuries of accumulated wealth.

4. Entering the White Palace

Hazrat Saad (RA) entered Ctesiphon not as a vengeful conqueror, but with extreme humility.

• The Prayer of Victory:Upon entering the magnificent White Palace (Iwan Kasra), he did not sit on the throne. Instead, he immediately performed eight units (rakahs) of prayer to thank Allah.
• Quranic Reflection:As he walked through the abandoned halls of gold and silk, he loudly recited verses from Surah ad-Dukhan:

 > “How many gardens and springs they left behind! And corn-fields and noble places! And wealth and conveniences of life, wherein they were wont to take delight!” (Quran 44:25-27)

5. Managing the Spoils

The wealth found in Ctesiphon was beyond imagination—the Golden Throne, the “Spring Carpet” (made of silk, gold, and jewels), and the royal crown.

• Honesty:Hazrat Saad (RA) ensured every single item was cataloged and sent back to Caliph Hazrat umar (RA) in Medina. Not a single coin was stolen by the soldiers, a level of discipline that amazed the Persians.

The Battle of Jalula (637 CE)

 The Battle of Jalula (637 CE) occurred shortly after the conquest of Ctesiphon (Madain). It is often called the “Victory of Victories” because it broke the final organized backbone of the Sasanian Persian military in Iraq. While Hazrat Saad ibn Abi Waqqas (RA) remained at the headquarters in Ctesiphon to manage the newly conquered territories, he was the Supreme Commander who architected the entire campaign.

1. Strategic Planning and Intelligence

After fleeing the capital, the Persian King Yazdegerd III gathered a massive army at Jalula, a city strategically located where the roads to Iran, Azerbaijan, and Iraq meet.

• The Fortification:The Persians dug a massive deep trench around the city and strewn the ground with iron caltrops (sharp spikes) to stop the Muslim cavalry.
• Hazrat Saad’s Vision:Hazrat Saad (RA) realized that if Jalula remained in Persian hands, the Muslims in Ctesiphon would never be safe. He wrote to Caliph Hazrat umar (RA) and received permission to launch a strike.

2. Appointing the Field Commanders

Hazrat Saad (RA) showed his leadership by picking the right men for the job. He stayed in Ctesiphon to ensure the capital wasn’t retaken, but he gave strict tactical instructions to his nephew, Hashim ibn Utbah, and the legendary Qa’qa ibn Amr.

• Coordination:Hazrat Saad maintained a constant stream of fast-riding messengers between Ctesiphon and the front lines at Jalula (about 80 miles away) to direct the siege.

3. The Brutal Siege and the “Storm”

The battle lasted for several months. It was a grueling stalemate until a massive dust storm hit the region.

• The Breakthrough:Hazrat Saad had instructed his commanders to look for a weather or terrain advantage. During the storm, the Muslim forces launched a surprise assault.
• The Caltrops Trap:The Persians tried to flee, but in the darkness and dust, they fell into their own trenches and were tripped by their own iron spikes.
• The Result:The Persian army suffered a catastrophic defeat. The wealth captured at Jalula was said to be almost as much as that of the capital itself.

4. Securing the North: The Capture of Hulwan

 Following the victory at Jalula, Hazrat Saad (RA) ordered his commanders to push further to Hulwan, the gateway to the Persian highlands (modern-day Iran). This ensured that the Persian King could not launch a counter-offensive from the mountains.

The Siege of Tikrit (637 CE)

 After the fall of Jalula, the Sasanian Persian resistance in central Iraq was broken. However, the northern regions remained a threat, as the Persians were attempting to coordinate with the Byzantine (Roman) Empire to launch a pincer attack on the Muslims.Hazrat Saad ibn Abi Waqqas (RA), as the Supreme Commander, initiated a northern campaign in 637–638 CE to secure the frontiers.

1. The Strategic Objective

 Hazrat Saad (RA) realized that as long as Tikrit and Mosul were in enemy hands, the Muslim army in Ctesiphon would be vulnerable to an attack from the north.

• The Intelligence:Hazrat Saad received reports that the Persians had gathered a large force of Christian Arab tribes and Persian soldiers in the fortress of Tikrit.
• The Command:Hazrat Saad appointed Hazrat Abdullah ibn Mut’am to lead a force of 5,000 soldiers to capture Tikrit, while he managed the overall logistics and reinforcements from the capital.

2. The Siege of Tikrit (637 CE)

Tikrit was a formidable fortress built on a high cliff overlooking the Tigris River.

• The Standoff:The siege lasted for 40 days. The defenders were confident because the fortress was nearly impossible to scale.
• Hazrat Saad’s Psychological Warfare:Through his commanders, Hazrat Saad reached out to the Christian Arab tribes (like the Taghlib and Iyad) inside the fort. He convinced them that their Persian masters were losing the war and that the Muslims would offer them better terms.
• The Betrayal of the Gates:On the 40th night, the Christian Arabs inside the fort opened the gates for the Muslim army. The Persian garrison was caught by surprise, and the fortress fell with very little bloodshed.

3. The Capture of Mosul and Nineveh

Following the victory at Tikrit, the Muslim forces pushed further north toward Mosul (and the ancient ruins of Nineveh).

• Speed of Movement:Hazrat Saad (RA) ordered his commanders to move quickly before the Byzantine Romans could send help from the west.
• The Surrender:Seeing the fall of the “impregnable” Tikrit, the governors of Mosul and Nineveh realized that resistance was futile. They agreed to pay the Jizya (protection tax) and surrendered the cities peacefully.
• Strategic Buffer:By capturing these cities, Hazrat Saad created a massive buffer zone that protected Iraq from both the Persian heartland and the Roman frontier in Syria.

The Final Chapter: The Founding of Kufa

 After these massive victories, Caliph Hazrat umar (RA) noticed that the Arab soldiers were losing their health in the humid climate of the Persian cities. He ordered Hazrat Saad (RA) to build a new city that had the “air of the desert.” The Founding of Kufa (638 CE) was a landmark event in the administrative and strategic career of Hazrat Saad ibn Abi Waqqas (RA). It marked the transition of the Islamic presence in Iraq from a mobile conquering army to a settled, organized civilization.After the conquest of the Persian capital, Ctesiphon (Madain), Hazrat Saad noticed a physical decline in his soldiers. This led to the creation of one of the most important cities in Islamic history.

1. The Strategic Motivation

After the Persians were defeated, the Muslim army was stationed in Ctesiphon. However, the Arab soldiers—who were used to the dry, clean air of the Hijaz desert—began to suffer from the humid, mosquito-ridden climate of the Tigris riverbanks.

• The Observation:Caliph Hazrat umar (RA) received reports that his soldiers were becoming pale and physically weak.
• The Command:Hazrat umar (RA) wrote to Hazrat Saad: “The Arab is like a camel; what is good for the camel is good for the Arab. Find a place where there is no sea between me and you, and which has the air of the desert.”

2. Selecting the Site

Hazrat Saad (RA) personally went on a scouting mission to find the perfect location. He looked for a place that met three criteria:

• Climate:Dry and healthy air.
• Logistics:Near the Euphrates river for water, but not so close that it was swampy.
• Connectivity:A direct land route to Medina without crossing major water bodies.

He chose a site near the ancient city of al-Hira, which the locals called “Kufa” (meaning a place of red sand and gravel).

3. Urban Planning and Architecture

 Hazrat Saad (RA) was the chief architect of Kufa. He designed it with a “military-first” mindset that later became the standard for Islamic city planning.

• The Central Mosque:He first marked the center of the city and built a massive mosque that could hold 40,000 people.
• The Government House (Dar al-Imara):He built his administrative headquarters adjacent to the mosque, establishing the concept that leadership and faith were connected.
• Tribal Quarters:He organized the city into districts based on tribes (Yemeni, Qaysi, etc.). This ensured that the military structure remained intact even when the soldiers were at home.
• Wide Streets:He ordered that the main roads be 40 cubits wide (about 60 feet) and the side streets be 20 to 30 cubits wide, allowing for the rapid movement of cavalry in case of an emergency.

4. Governance and Social Impact

Hazrat Saad (RA) served as the first Governor of Kufa.

• Agricultural Reforms:He oversaw the repair of the ancient Persian canal systems, turning the surrounding desert into a lush agricultural zone.
• Educational Hub:Under his leadership, Kufa became a center for the study of the Quran and Hadith, attracting scholars from across the Muslim world.

Hazrat Saad ibn Abi Waqqas (RA) proved that he was not just a master of the bow and arrow, but also a master of bricks and mortar.

Final chapter of the life of Hazrat Saad ibn Abi Waqqas (RA) role in the election of the third Caliph:

The Final Years of Hazrat Saad ibn Abi Waqqas (RA)

After successfully completing his duties as the Governor of Kufa, Hazrat Saad (RA) returned to Medina. There, he continued to serve as one of the highest-level advisors to the Caliphate.

1. Role in the Election of the Third Caliph (The Shura)

In his final days, after being fatally wounded, Caliph Hazrat umar (RA) established a committee of six members (the Shura) to elect the next Caliph. Hazrat Saad ibn Abi Waqqas (RA) was one of those six.

• Hazrat umar’s (RA) Words:While on his deathbed, Hazrat umar (RA) said: “I did not remove Hazrat Saad from his governorship due to any inability or weakness. If he is elected as the Caliph, it is well and good. If not, whoever becomes the Caliph must definitely seek Hazrat Saad’s counsel.”
• The Election:Hazrat Saad (RA) cast his vote in favor of Hazrat Uthman (RA), playing a pivotal role in his election as the third Caliph.

2. Political Turmoil and Neutrality

When internal conflicts (Fitna) broke out among Muslims following the martyrdom of Hazrat Uthman (RA), Hazrat Saad (RA) made a very wise decision.

• Neutrality:He remained neutral and refused to join any side. He famously remarked: “Give me a sword that can distinguish between a believer and a disbeliever; only then will I fight.”
• Seclusion:He completely withdrew from politics and lived a simple life at his farmhouse in an area called ‘Al-Aqiq’ on the outskirts of Medina.

3. Final Moments and Death (674 CE)

Hazrat Saad ibn Abi Waqqas (RA) was the last survivor of the Ashara Mubashshara (the ten companions promised Paradise).

• The Old Cloak (Shroud):Before passing away, he asked for an old woolen cloak. He made a final will, saying: “I wore this on the day of the Battle of Badr. Use this as my shroud (Kafan), for I wish to meet Allah wearing it.”

• Burial:He was buried in the famous Jannat al-Baqi cemetery in Medina.
• Legacy of Hazrat Saad ibn Abi Waqqas (RA) at a Glance
• Acceptance of Islam At age 17 (one of the first three people).
• Military Identity The first person to fire an arrow for Islam and the Conqueror of Persia.
• The Prophet’s ﷺ Love The Prophet ﷺ used to look at him and say proudly: “This is my maternal uncle; does anyone else have an uncle like him?” Integrity Despite having the vast wealth of Persia at his disposal, he never desired even a single small coin for himself.
• The life of Hazrat Saad ibn Abi Waqqas (RA) proves how a common person can reach extraordinary heights through faith (Iman). From the days of starving in the valleys of Mecca to commanding world-spanning empires, he never lost his humility.

FAQs

To provide you with the most effective content, I have compiled the most searched FAQs about Hazrat Hazrat Saad ibn Abi Waqqas (RA).

Q1: Who was Hazrat Saad ibn Abi Waqqas in Islam?

• Answer:Hazrat Saad ibn Abi Waqqas (RA) was one of the earliest converts to Islam (the third or seventh person) and a close companion of the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ. He is famously known as the “Conqueror of Persia” for leading the Muslim army to victory at the Battle of Qadisiyyah and was one of the Ashara Mubashshara (the ten companions promised Paradise).

Q2: Why is Hazrat Saad ibn Abi Waqqas called the “First Archer of Islam”?

• Answer:During the early skirmishes in Medina, Hazrat Saad ibn Abi Waqqas was the first person to ever fire an arrow in the cause of Islam. He was a master marksman, and the Prophet ﷺ famously made a unique dua for him: “O Allah, make his aim certain and answer his prayer.”

Q3: What was the relationship between Prophet Muhammad ﷺ and Hazrat Saad ibn Abi Waqqas?

• Answer:Hazrat Saad (RA) was the maternal uncle of the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ. The Prophet ﷺ held him in high regard and would often boast of him to his companions, saying: “This is my uncle. Let any man show me his uncle!” He was also the only person for whom the Prophet ﷺ said: “May my father and mother be sacrificed for you.”

Q4: Did Hazrat Saad ibn Abi Waqqas go to China?

• Answer: According to Chinese Muslim tradition (Hui accounts), it is believed that Hazrat Saad ibn Abi Waqqas (RA) led a diplomatic mission to China during the Tang Dynasty and founded the Huaisheng Mosque in Guangzhou. While some historians debate the exact dates, he is revered in China as the pioneer who brought Islam to the region.

Q5: What was Hazrat Saad ibn Abi Waqqas’s role in the Battle of Qadisiyyah?

• Answer:Hazrat Saad (RA) was the Supreme Commander of the Muslim army during the Battle of Qadisiyyah (636 CE). Despite suffering from a severe case of sciatica that prevented him from riding a horse, he commanded the entire four-day battle from a balcony, successfully defeating the Sasanian Empire and ending centuries of Persian rule.

Q6: When and where did Hazrat Saad ibn Abi Waqqas die?

• Answer:Hazrat Saad ibn Abi Waqqas (RA) passed away in 674 CE (55 AH) at his estate in Al-Aqiq, near Medina. He was the last of the ten companions promised Paradise (Ashara Mubashshara) to die. He was buried in the famous Jannat al-Baqi cemetery in Medina.

Q7: Was Hazrat Saad ibn Abi Waqqas’s dua (supplication) always answered?

• Answer:Yes, it is widely recorded in Hadith that Hazrat Saad (RA) was Mustajab ad-Du’a (someone whose prayers are always answered). This was due to a specific blessing from the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ, who prayed: “O Allah, make his aim certain and answer his prayer.” Because of this, the companions were very careful never to wrong him, fearing his supplication.

Q8: What was Hazrat Saad ibn Abi Waqqas’s stance during the Fitna (Civil War)?

• Answer:Hazrat Saad (RA) adopted a policy of strict neutrality during the conflicts between the companions after the martyrdom of Uthman (RA). He refused to take part in the battles of Camel or Siffin. When his own son asked him why he wasn’t claiming the Caliphate for himself despite his high status, Hazrat Saad replied that he would only fight if given a sword that could distinguish a believer from a hypocrite.

Q9: How did Hazrat Saad ibn Abi Waqqas react to his mother’s opposition to his Islam?

• Answer:When Hazrat Saad embraced Islam, his mother, Hamnah bint Sufyan, went on a hunger strike to force him back to paganism. Despite his deep love for her, he famously told her: “O Mother! Even if you had a hundred souls and they left you one by one, I would not leave my religion.” Seeing his unshakable resolve, she eventually began to eat again. This event is linked to the revelation ofSurah Luqman (Verse 15).

Q10: What were the “Treasures of Kisra” that Hazrat Saad sent to Medina?

• Answer:After the conquest of Ctesiphon (Madain), Hazrat Saad (RA) captured the immense wealth of the Persian King (Kisra). This included the Golden Throne, the Royal Crown, and the famous “Spring Carpet”—a massive rug made of silk, gold thread, and precious jewels. Hazrat Saad ensured every item reached Caliph Hazrat umar (RA) in Medina untouched, demonstrating the incredible honesty of his army.

Q11: How many children did Hazrat Saad ibn Abi Waqqas have?

• Answer:Hazrat Saad (RA) had several children who became narrators of Hadith and respected figures in their own right. His daughter, Aisha bint Hazrat Saad, was a prominent scholar and a teacher to many, including Imam Malik. His sons, such as Hazrat umar ibn Hazrat Saad and Amir ibn Hazrat Saad, were also well-known in early Islamic history.

FAQ Summary (SEO)Question Short Answer

• Was Hazrat Saad RA a member of the Shura?Yes, he was one of the 6 members appointed by Hazrat umar (RA) to elect the next Caliph.
• What was his weapon of choice?He was a master of the longbow and is considered the greatest archer of the Sahaba.
• Where is his grave?He is buried in Al-Baqi cemetery in Medina, Saudi Arabia.
• How old was he when he died?He was approximately 80 years old at the time of his death in 674 CE.

Q12: Why was Hazrat Saad (RA) called “The Knight of Islam”?

• Answer:Beyond his archery, Hazrat Saad (RA) was an exceptionally skilled horseman and swordsman. During the early days in Medina, he was often part of the small, elite group of guards who stood watch outside the Prophet Muhammad’s ﷺ tent at night. His vigilance and bravery earned him the reputation of being a premier “Knight” (Faris) protecting the leadership of the Ummah.

Q13: How did Hazrat Saad (RA) handle the vast wealth of the Persian Empire?

• Answer:Hazrat Saad (RA) demonstrated legendary honesty. After the fall of Ctesiphon, he came into possession of the “Treasures of Chosroes” (Kisra), which included crowns of gold and the famous “Spring Carpet.” Despite the army being in a foreign land with little supervision, Hazrat Saad ensured that every single jewel and coin was accounted for and transported back to the public treasury (Bayt al-Mal) in Medina. Caliph Hazrat umar (RA) wept upon seeing the honesty of Hazrat Saad and his soldiers.

Q14: What was the relationship between Hazrat Saad (RA) and Caliph Hazrat umar (RA)?

• Answer:It was a relationship of deep mutual respect but also strict accountability. Hazrat umar (RA) trusted Hazrat Saad with the most difficult military front (Persia) but famously removed him from the governorship of Kufa because of a minor complaint from the citizens. Even so, Hazrat umar (RA) clarified on his deathbed that Hazrat Saad was not removed for any corruption or weakness, and he even nominated Hazrat Saad as a potential successor to the Caliphate.

Q15: Did Hazrat Saad (RA) really reach China to spread Islam?

• Answer:While mainstream historians verify his conquests in Persia and Iraq, the Hui Muslims of China maintain a strong tradition that Hazrat Saad (RA) led an embassy to the Tang Dynasty Emperor in 651 CE. The Huaisheng Mosque in Guangzhou is traditionally attributed to him. Whether it was Hazrat Saad himself or a delegation sent by him, he is credited with opening the door for Islam in East Asia.

If you found any mistake please mail on storiesofsahaba786@gmail.com